Insertion sequence element derived from ralstonia solanacearum

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides three insertion elements and transposases encoded by the insertion elements that are derived from the genome of Ralstonia solanacearum, which has been isolated with a transposon trap vector.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to a transposable element isolated from the genome of Ralstonia solanacearum and a transposase encoded by the transposable element.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] It is known that transposable elements not only inactivate or activate genes before and after the transposition site by moving on the genome, but also cause various genome rearrangements such as deletion, inversion and duplication. It is also known that the transposable elements contribute to genome plasticity that is important for the evolution and the environmental adaptation of microorganisms (Arber et al., FEMS Microb. Ecol., 15: 5-14 (1994)).

[0005] Transposable elements can be classified into transposons and insertion sequence elements. Transposons are defined as genes involved in transposition and having phenotypic genes such as antibiotic resistances. On the other hand, insertion sequence elements (hereinafter, referred to as IS elements) are defined as genes that generally have a size of 2 kb or less and have no phenotypic genes other than the genes involved in gene transposition (Gay et al., J. Bacteriol., 164: 918-921 (1985)).

[0006] The IS element was first discovered in the late 1960's as an element that causes mutation of E. coli. Thereafter, the IS elements of E. coli in particular were isolated and characterized. In the late 1980's, there were reports of isolation of the IS elements from bacteria other than the E. coli group. At present, about 500 IS elements are reported to have been isolated from medical bacteria, environmental bacteria and others (Mahillon et al., Microbiol. Mol. Bio. Rev., 62:725-774(1998)).

[0007] The isolated IS elements are compared with each other based on the base sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence. The IS elements that have been found so far are classified into 17 families. Among these families, the IS3 family and the IS5 family are large families, and IS elements belonging to these families are isolated from bacteria ranging widely from Gram-negative bacteria to Gram-positive bacteria (Mahillon et al., ibid.).

[0008] The structure of the IS elements in the IS3 and the IS5 families is characterized by the presence of inverted repeat sequences at their terminals and the inclusion of two open reading frames encoding a transposase. It seems that the terminal inverted repeat sequences play an important role in transposition, because recombination occurs in these portions. For example, in insertion, 2 to 13 base pairs in the site where insertion occurs are overlapped as same direct repeat sequences on both sides of the IS element (Galas and Chandler, Mobile DNA, 109-162, ASM Press (Washington, D.C.) 1989).

[0009] Transposase is an enzyme that catalyzes an insertion reaction of a gene. In the IS elements of the IS3 family and the IS5 family, the transposase is encoded by two open reading frames and is expressed as one protein in translation. For example, in the case of the IS3 family, two open reading frames overlap, and a frame shift occurs in the overlapping portion. Then, the two open reading frames are translated successively so that the transposase is expressed (Ohtsubo and Sekine, Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 204:1-26 (1996)).

[0010] Each of the IS elements obtained from various microorganisms has a sequence that is unique to the particular microorganism, although they are homologous. Utilizing the unique sequence, in the industrial fields of agriculture, foods, pharmacy and the like in which microorganisms are involved, the IS elements are used, for example, for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, diagnosis of infectious diseases, determination of infection routes and isolation of useful genes. The IS element that is most common in practical use is IS6110, which is obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and contributes to epidemiological surveys such as diagnosis of tuberculosis and determination of the infection route (Otal et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 29:1252-1254 (1991)). Similar attempts have been conducted with various bacteria.

[0011] IS elements are characterized by being able to activate or inactivate genes before and after the inserted site by transposition. Utilizing this function positively, it is attempted to use the IS elements as a tool for isolating useful genes (Haas et al., Molecular Biology of Pseudomonas, 238-249, ASM Press (Washington D.C.) (1996)).

[0012] The isolation of the IS elements was not conducted strategically, but mostly was rather accidentally achieved by analysis of mutants. This is because, as seen from the definition, IS elements have no phenotype other than involvement in gene transposition, so that positive isolation was difficult. Various transposon trap vectors have been developed since positive selection of the transposable element (a method of utilizing activation of a detectable marker by transposition of the transposable element to a part of a structural gene) was successfully reported in 1985 (Gay et al., ibid.), and the IS elements have been isolated from bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas cepacia, Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium legumino sarum or the like by this method.

[0013] However, only 20 IS elements were isolated by this method, and this is a small number relative to the total number of the isolated IS elements. The isolation of new IS elements from various bacteria is expected to be accelerated as the positive selection is developed.

[0014] In regard to agriculturally important plant-related bacteria, Hasebe et al. isolated three kinds of IS elements from Pseudomonas glumae, which is a common pathogenic bacterium in rice plants in Japan, by utilizing a transposon trap vector pSHI1063 (Hasebe et al., Plasmid, 39:196-204 (1998)) (see Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 10-248573). However, in reality, isolation of other IS elements has not been substantially researched. Isolation of IS elements of various plant pathogenic bacteria (microorganisms) makes it possible to counter the pathogenic bacteria, so that there is a demand for isolation and utilization of the IS elements in the field of agriculture.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] Therefore, with the foregoing in mind, it is an object of the present invention to provide new IS elements derived from Ralstonia solanacearum, which is one of the common pathogenic bacteria in vegetables. The Ralstonia solanacearum is a worldwide common soil infectious plant pathogenic bacterium that causes wilt vessel disease to more than 100 species of more than 30 families including Solanaceae plants such as tomatoes, tobacco and potatoes. It is another object of the present invention to provide transposases that are encoded by these IS elements. These IS elements and the transposases make it possible to prevent infection to Ralstonia solanacearum, for example, by effecting recombination so that the transposases are inactivated, which is very useful in the field of agriculture.

[0016] In order to achieve the above objects, the inventors of the present invention have succeeded in isolating new IS elements from Ralstonia solanacearum and realized the present invention.

[0017] The present invention provides an insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 2 at the 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 3 at the 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding amino acid sequences of Sequence I.D. Nos. 4 and 5 as open reading frames between the terminal inverted repeat sequences. Herein, the open reading frame can be present overlapped or independently.

[0018] The present invention further provides an insertion sequence element consisting of the base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 1.

[0019] Furthermore, the present invention provides an insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 7 at the 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 8 at the 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding amino acid sequences of Sequence I.D. Nos. 9 and 10 as open reading frames between the terminal inverted repeat sequences. Herein, the open reading frame can be present overlapped or independently.

[0020] The present invention further provides an insertion sequence element consisting of a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 6.

[0021] Furthermore, the present invention provides an insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 12 at the 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 13 at the 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 14 as an open reading frame between the terminal inverted repeat sequences.

[0022] The present invention further provides an insertion sequence element consisting of a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 11.

[0023] The present invention further provides a transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 56 to 855 of Sequence I.D. No. 1.

[0024] The present invention further provides a transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 65 to 822 of Sequence I.D. No. 6.

[0025] The present invention further provides a transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 44 to 865 of Sequence I.D. No. 11.

[0026] It should be noted that “movable genetic elements” (transposable elements) such as transposons may be significantly involved in the evolution and the environmental adaptation of organisms as self-mechanism of self-alternation of the organism's genome. The gene of the present invention moves on the genome of microorganisms and has the nature of activating or inactivating the gene that is positioned downstream of the genome into which the gene of the present invention jumps. Utilizing this property, it is possible to isolate industrially useful genes efficiently. Furthermore, utilizing these genes, it is possible to determine the infection route and identify the bacteria in regard to Ralstonia solanacearum. Furthermore, the transposition function of the transposable element is promoted by utilizing the transposases of the present invention, so that it is possible to isolate industrially useful genes efficiently. In addition, it is expected that protectant effects such as promotion of a reduction in the pathogenicity caused by the mutation induction of Ralstonia solanacearum can be provided.

[0027] These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing insertion positions of insertion sequences of 26 clones.

[0029]FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between ISJsp104.2 and an incomplete inverted sequence, a targeted overlapping sequence, ORFA and ORFB.

[0030]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between ISmsp4.2 and an incomplete inverted sequence, a targeted overlapping sequence, ORFA and ORFB.

[0031]FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between ISmsp101.3 and an incomplete inverted sequence, a targeted overlapping sequence and ORFA.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0032] (1) Definitions In the present invention, “IS element” refers to a gene unit that has a size of 2 kb or less, has no phenotypic gene other than genes involved in gene transposition, and includes one or two open reading frames encoding transposase and terminal inverted repeat sequences.

[0033] ISJsp104.2 is an IS element consisting of the base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 1.

[0034] ISmsp4.2 is an IS element consisting of the base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 6.

[0035] ISmsp101.3 is an IS element consisting of the base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 11.

[0036] In the present invention, “transposase” is an enzyme that catalyzes an insertion reaction of a gene.

[0037] A “functional equivalent” used in the present invention refers to an IS element or a transposase that substantially has the function or the activity of the original IS element or transposase, and has at least 90%, preferably at least 95% of homology in the base sequence or the amino sequence, respectively, when optimally aligned with the original IS element or transposase.

[0038] Such a functional equivalent of the IS element includes substitution, addition, deletion or insertion of at least one nucleotide, in addition to the original sequence in the terminal inverted repeat sequence or the open reading frame that is a functional site, and has at least functions or activities substantially equivalent to those of the original IS element or transposase. Examples of such a functional equivalent include IS elements having a nucleotide substitution that causes conservative substitution of the amino acid of the transposase to be encoded, and IS elements having an intervening nucleotide in the open reading frame.

[0039] Such a functional equivalent of transposase may include substitution of at least one amino acid (preferably conservative substitution), or additional amino acid (e.g., a reader sequence, a secretion sequence, and a sequence that would advantageously function in purification), in addition to the original sequence. It is appreciated that production of these functional equivalents is within a scope of technical knowledge that can be routinely obtained by those skilled in the art.

[0040] (2) Method for Searching a Transposable Element

[0041] In the search of a transposable element, molecular biological experiment techniques (electrophoresis of DNA, collection of electrophoresed DNA from a gel, digestion of restriction enzyme, PCR, labeling of DNA, hybridization, base sequencing and the like) can be used. Examples of these techniques include the techniques described in Sambrook et al., A Laboratory Manual, the second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and other methods routinely used by those skilled in the art.

[0042] (a) Bacteria to be used

[0043] In the present invention, Ralstonia solanacearum is used. A preferable strain is a Ralstonia solanacearum strain MAFF301556. This strain is a Ralstonia solanacearum isolated from a potato in Nagasaki in 1983. This strain is deposited as a distributable strain with the Gene Bank of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki) and is available to anyone for test and research.

[0044] (b) Principle

[0045] A transposon trap vector is used as means for isolating a transposable element. In the present invention, pSHI1063 (Iida et al., Abstract of Proceeding of The fourteenth Conference of Molecule Biology Society of Japan, p.216 (1991)) is used as the transposon trap vector. The trap vector pSHI1063 has a full length of 11.5 kb, and is a fusion plasmid of the plasmid pVS1 with wide host range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the plasmid pBR322 of E. coli. The trap vector pSHI1063 can be grown in a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus, the Agrobacterium genus, the Rhizobium genus and the like. The trap vector pSHI1063 has an ampicillin-resistant gene and a spectinomycin-resistant gene as selective marker genes. In addition, in order to trap a transposable element, this trap vector has a cI repressor gene of λ phage and a kanamycin-resistant gene (neo) connected to a P_(R) promoter that is under control of the cI repressor (this is called a trap cassette gene). After introducing the trap vector pSHI1063 to a bacterium, a transposable element such as an IS element of the bacterium transposes into the cI repressor gene in the trap vector pSHI1063. Then, the cI repressor in the trap vector is inactivated and the PR promoter is activated, so that the kanamycin-resistant gene operates. Therefore, when the transposable element is present in the cI repressor gene of the trap vector pSHI1063, the bacterium is resistant to kanamycin, and therefore the transposable element can be selected efficiently.

[0046] (c) Acquisition of the Element

[0047] Based on the above principle, the trap vector pSHI1063 is introduced to a Ralstonia solanacearum strain MAFF301556, and a selected kanamycin-resistant strain is cultured, and boiled, for example, at 100° C. for 5 minutes so that the bacterial cells are lysed, and the DNA is extracted. Then, PCR is performed using the sequence of the trap cassette gene as the primer so as to amplify a DNA fragment having a transposable element (Sambrook et al., ibid.).

[0048] (d) Base Sequencing of the Transposable Element

[0049] Next, the base sequence of the amplified and collected insertion sequence is determined. First, an intended DNA fragment is prepared from a product of the PCR amplification including the transposable element obtained in (c), and is subcloned into an appropriate vector, for example, a pT7 Blue vector. A plasmid DNA is prepared from the obtained positive clone, and is used as a template for base sequencing. Thus, this plasmid DNA is sequenced on both strands, for example, by primer walking method. For sequencing, an autosequencer (model 1377 manufactured by ABI Corp.) can be used for example.

[0050] (e) Homology Search of the Isolated Transposable Element

[0051] A database (DNA Information and Stock Center, URL=http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp) is searched for the base sequence homology and the amino acid homology of the base sequenced transposable element, and a novel gene is characterized. In this manner, the transposable element is selected.

EXAMPLES

[0052] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described by way of examples.

Example 1

[0053] Search for a transposable element of a Ralstonia solanacearum strain MAFF301556 (hereinafter, referred to simply as “strain MAFF301556”) was performed. To search the transposable element, a transposon trap vector is required, and in the present invention, pSHI1063 was used.

[0054] First, the strain MAFF301556 was grown on PTYG agar medium (0.25 g of bactopeptone, 0.25 g of bactotryptone, 0.5 g of bacto-yeast extract, 0.5 g of glucose, 30 mM of MgSO₄ .7H₂O, 3.5 mg of CaCl₂ .2H₂O, and 15 g of agar powder in 1000 ml of distilled water) at 28° C. The grown colony was inoculated into a 5 ml of a PTYG liquid medium and was cultured with shaking at 28° C. for 2 days.

[0055] Competent cells were made from this culture solution. Four ml of the culture solution were added to 200 ml of the PTYG medium, and cultivation was performed with shaking at 28° C. until the OD₅₀₀ reaches about 0.2. After cultivation, the culture solution was placed in ice for 20 minutes and then centrifuged (3000 rpm/10 min/4° C.) so as to collect bacterial pellets. The pellets were suspended in 10 ml of an ice-cold 1 mM HEPES. NaOH buffer (pH 7.0). Then, the suspension was centrifuged again to collect bacterial pellets, and the pellets were suspended in 10 ml of an ice-cold 1 mM HEPES. NaOH buffer (pH 7.0). Then, the bacterial pellets were collected by centrifugation (8000 rpm/10 min/4° C.), and were suspended in 2 ml of an ice-cold 10% glycerol solution, so that competent cells were prepared.

[0056] Then, 40 μl of the obtained competent cells were mixed with about 0.36 μg of a transposon trap vector pSHI1063 (a liquid volume of 1 μl) dissolved in a TE buffer (10 mM Tris. HCl (pH8.0)-1 mM EDTA) and the mixture was transferred to a cuvette that was previously cooled to 4° C. Electric pulses were applied to this cuvette with a high voltage pulse generator, “Gene Pulser” manufactured by Biorad Co. The parameters for the electric pulse were an electrical resistance of 200 Ω, an electrical capacity of 25 μFD, and an electric field of 6.25 KV/cm.

[0057] After applying pulses, a cell/DNA mixture was immediately transferred to 2 ml of the PTYG medium, and was cultured with shaking at 28° C. for one hour, followed by centrifugation (8000 rpm/10 min/4° C.). Then, bacterial pellets were suspended in 1 ml of sterilized distilled water. The suspension was serial diluted by a factor of 10 with sterilized distilled water sequentially, and diluted solutions with bacterial cells of up to 10⁻⁴ were obtained. Then, 100 μl of the diluted solutions were plated onto PTYG agar plates containing 100 μg/ml of spectinomycin. Further, the same number of bacterial cells was plated onto a PTYG agar plate that did not contain any antibodies as the control to check the transformation frequency, followed by culturing at 28° C. for 2 days. The transformed colonies resistant to spectinomycin that appeared were applied to a PTYG plate containing spectinomycin again with a platinum loop, and were cultured at 28° C. for 2 days, so that a single colony was formed. The transformation frequency of pSHI1063 to the Ralstonia solanacearum strain MAFF 301556 was 5×10⁻⁴.

[0058] Next, the spectinomycin-resistant colonies that formed a single colony were picked up one by one with a platinum loop and inoculated into 5 ml of a PTYG medium containing 100 μg/ml of spectinomycin, followed by culturing with shaking at 28° C. for 2 days. After cultivation, the suspension was serially diluted by a factor of 10 with sterilized distilled water. Then, 100 μl of the diluted solutions with the bacterial cells ranging from an undiluted solution of the suspension to a 10⁶ diluted solution were applied onto PTYG agar plates containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin and 100 μg/ml of spectinomycin. Further, the same number of bacterial cells was plated onto a PTYG agar plate containing 100 μg/ml of spectinomycin as the control to check the appearance frequency of mutants, followed by culturing at 28° C. for 2 days. The obtained transformed colonies resistant to kanamycin were applied to a PTYG plate containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin and 100 μg/ml of spectinomycin again with a platinum loop, so that a single colony was formed.

[0059] The appearance frequency of mutants from the obtained transformants ranged widely from about 100% to 6×10⁻⁷, and was significantly different depending on the transformed clone. Ninety-seven mutants obtained from these transformants were used for the following examinations.

[0060] With respect to the 97 mutants, the DNA fragments of the insertion sequence were amplified by a PCR technique using various primers prepared based on the trap cassette gene sequence of pSHI1063 by routine procedures. For amplification, using a DNA amplifier (PC800 manufactured by ASTEC Inc.), a cycle of DNA denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute, annealing at 55° C. for 2 minutes, and DNA elongation at 72° C. for 3 minute was repeated 25 times. After a PCR reaction, 1 μl of the reaction solution was used for agarose electrophoresis (1.5% agarose) to confirm the DNA amplification.

[0061] As a result, it was confirmed that DNA insertion was not observed in the plasmids of 71 kanamycin resistant mutants, whereas DNA fragments were inserted in the trap vectors pSHI1063 in the plasmids obtained from 26 mutants. The trap cassette gene of pSHI1063 was divided into 6 regions from the upstream to the downstream (divided into I to VI regions from the uppermost stream region of the cI gene to the upstream of the neo gene), and it was investigated into which region the DNA was inserted. The results were region I for 3 mutants, region II for 14 mutants, region III for 2 mutants, region IV for 6 mutants, region V for 1 mutant, and region VI for none (FIG. 1).

[0062] Next, the base sequences of the plasmids obtained from the 26 mutants were determined. The PCR reaction products were subcloned into pT7 Blue vectors. Plasmid DNAs were prepared from the obtained positive clones and used as templates for base sequencing. These plasmid DNAs were sequenced on both strands, for example by primer walking with an autosequencer (model 1377 manufactured by ABI Corp.) (Sambrook et al., ibid). With respect to the sequenced DNA fragments, a public se (DNA Information and Stock Center, URL=www.dna.affrc.go.jp) was searched for base sequence homology ino acid sequence homology, and the genes were characterized. 1 shows the results. TABLE 1 The characteristics of DNA inserted in the pSHI1068 trap cassette Insertion No. Clone Deduced size region IS element 1 Jsp104.2 864bp I ISJsp104.2 2 Jsp105.1 1.2kb I iso-IS1420 3 Jsp101.5 1.2kb I iso-IS1420 4 msp101.3 884bp II ISmsp101.3 5 Jsp104.1 1.3kb II 6 Jsp107.3 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 7 Jsp107.4 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 8 Jsp105.5 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 9 Jsp120.5 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 10 Jsp120.1 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 11 Jsp101.2 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 12 Jsp102.3 1.0kb II 13 Jsp101.4 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 14 Jsp105.3 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 15 Jsp120.2 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 16 Jsp120.3 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 17 Jsp120.4 1.2kb II iso-IS1420 18 msp 4.4 0.8kb III 19 Jsp105.2 0.8kb III 20 msp101.5 1131b IV IS 1420 21 msp 4.2 842bp IV ISmsp 4.2 22 Jsp102.1 1.2kb IV iso-IS1420 23 Jsp107.1 1.2kb IV iso-IS1420 24 Jsp104.3 0.2kb IV 25 Jsp105.4 1.2kb IV iso-IS1420 26 Jsp107.2 1.2kb V iso-IS1420

[0063] As a result, three novel IS elements (ISJsp104.2, ISmsp4.2 and ISmsp101.3) were isolated as the transposable elements. Their properties are as follows.

[0064] (a) ISJsp104.2

[0065] ISJsp104.2 is a base sequence with a full length of 864 bp composed of the base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 1, and has incomplete inverted repeat sequences (19 bp) at its terminals (the underlined arrow portion of FIG. 2, Sequence I.D. Nos. 2 and 3). Targeted overlapping sequences of 3 bp are coupled to both terminals of ISJsp104.2, and the sequence was TTA (the squared portions in FIG. 2). In comparison with the homology of the base sequence, ISJsp104.2 has a high homology of 74.8% with IS1418 (Burkholderia glumae), 70.9% with ISB111 (Ralstonia solanacearum) and 59.5% with IS402 (Burkholderia cepacia), which are IS elements belonging to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family (Mahillon et al., ibid.). Therefore, it seems that ISJsp104.2 is a novel IS element obtained from Ralstonia solanacearum that belongs to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family.

[0066] (Transposase Encoded by ISJsp104.2)

[0067] The base sequence analysis and the amino acid sequence homology analysis of ISJsp104.2 were performed and it was confirmed that this IS element encoded transposase, as other IS elements. ISJsp104.2 has two open reading frames (ORFA, ORFB) that are believed to encode a transposase (transposable enzyme), as generally seen in the IS3 and the IS5 families (Mahillon et al., ibid.). These open reading frames partly overlap, and are frame shifted (FIG. 2). Furthermore, there is a characteristic motif (C₅G₆) that is estimated to be involved in the frame shift in the base sequence in the overlapped portion (the underlined portion in FIG. 2) (Iversen et al., Plasmid 32:46-54 (1994)). ORFA is composed of 134 amino acids (Sequence I.D. No. 4) and ORFB is composed of 211 amino acids (Sequence I.D. No. 5). The ORFA and the ORFB of ISJsp104.2 have homologies of at least 70% in the amino acid sequences with the ORFA and the ORFB of IS 1418, respectively.

[0068] (b) ISmsp4.2

[0069] ISmsp4.2 is a base sequence with a full length of 842 bp composed of Sequence I.D. No. 6, and has incomplete inverted repeat sequences (18 bp) at its terminals (the underlined arrow portion of FIG. 3, Sequence I.D. Nos. 7 and 8). Targeted overlapping sequences of 3 bp are coupled to both terminals of ISmsp4.2, and the sequence is TAA (the squared portions in FIG. 3). In comparison with the homology in the base sequence, ISmsp4.2 has a high homology of 56.7% with IS427 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and 54.9% with IS298 (Caulobacter crescentus), which are IS elements belonging to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family (Mahillon et al., ibid.). Therefore, it seems that ISmsp4.2 is a novel IS element obtained from Ralstonia solanacearum that belongs to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family.

[0070] Both the ISmsp4.2 and the ISmsp104.2 belong to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family, but have a homology as low as 50% or less to each other.

[0071] (Transposase Encoded by ISmsp4.2)

[0072] Also ISmsp4.2 has two open reading frames, ORFA (116 amino acids) (Sequence I.D. No. 9) and ORFB (159 amino acids) (Sequence I.D. No. 10) that are believed to encode a transposase. As other IS elements that belong to the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family, the ORFA and the ORFB partly overlap, and are frame shifted (FIG. 3). Furthermore, there is a characteristic motif (A₆G) that is estimated to be involved in the frame shift in the base sequence in the overlapped portion (the underlined portion in FIG. 3) (Ohtsubo and Sekine, ibid.). The ORFA and the ORFB do not have a high homology in the amino acid sequence with other IS elements, and the homologies are 40% or less in any cases.

[0073] (c) ISmsp101.3

[0074] ISmsp101.3 is a base sequence with a full length of 884 bp composed of Sequence I.D. No. 11, and has incomplete inverted repeat sequences (18 bp) at its terminals (the underlined arrow portion of FIG. 4, Sequence I.D. Nos. 12 and 13). Targeted overlapping sequences of 3 bp are coupled to both terminals of ISmsp101.3, and the sequence is TAA (the squared portions in FIG. 4). In comparison with the homology in the base sequence, ISmsp101.3 has homologies of 67.6% with IS12528 (Gluconobacter suboxydans), 56.6% with ISR1F7-2 (Rhizobium leguminosarum), 56.5% with ISRm220-12-1 (Sinorhizobium meliloti) and 54.6% with IS1031 (Acetobacter xylinum), which are IS elements belonging to the IS1031 subgroup of the IS5 family (Mahillon et al., ibid.). Therefore, it is believed that ISmsp101.3 is a novel IS element obtained from Ralstonia solanacearum that belongs to the IS1031 subgroup of the IS5 family.

[0075] (Transposase encoded by ISmsp101.3)

[0076] Also ISmsp101.3 has an open reading frame, ORFA (274 amino acids) (Sequence I.D. No. 14) that is believed to encode a transposase, and has a high homology in the amino acid sequence of 71.1% with the ORFA274 of IS12528, which belongs to the IS1031 subgroup of the IS5 family.

1 14 1 864 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 1 gggccgctaa caaaaccaag tcatcgaacg caggtggttg agcgttgttg ttggcatggc 60 acgaaagaag atcagcaatg aactgtggaa ggcgttgcaa ccgctgctgc cggttgtgga 120 gccttcgacc aaaggcggtc gtccgcgcgt ggatgatcgg gcggcgctga acggcatcct 180 gtttgttctg cataccggta tcccgtggga agacctgcct aaagaactgg gctttggcag 240 cggcatgacg tgctggcgtc gcctgcggga gtggcaggcc aacggcgttt gggagcggct 300 gcatttggct ctgctcaagc gcctgcgcga acacgaccag atcgactgga gccgagccag 360 tgtcgacggt gcaacggtgg ccagcccccg gggggcgagc agacggggcc gaatccaacg 420 gatcgtggca agctcggtag caagcgccat ctcgtcgtag atcggcgcgg cgtgccgttg 480 gcgctgatgg tcaccggtgc caatcgtcac gactcggtgg tgttcgaggt gctcgttgac 540 gccatcccga gcgtgcccgg actcgatggc cgcccgcgat gccgccccga caagcttcac 600 gcggataagg gatacgactt cgcgcgatgc cgccggcatc tgcgcaagcg gggcatgact 660 ccccggatcg ctcgccgtgg catcgagaag aacgaccggc tcggcaagca tcgctgggtt 720 gtcgagcgca cccatgcctg gcttgctggc ttcggcaagt tgcgcattcg tttcgagcgt 780 tctcttcaga ctcatctcgc tttgctcacc ctggcttgcg ccgtcatctg cgggcgattt 840 gttgatcggt tttgttagcg actc 864 2 19 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 2 gggccgctaa caaaaccaa 19 3 19 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 3 tcggttttgt tagcgactc 19 4 134 PRT Ralstonia solanacearum 4 Met Ala Arg Lys Lys Ile Ser Asn Glu Leu Trp Lys Ala Leu Gln Pro 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Pro Val Val Glu Pro Ser Thr Lys Gly Gly Arg Pro Arg Val 20 25 30 Asp Asp Arg Ala Ala Leu Asn Gly Ile Leu Phe Val Leu His Thr Gly 35 40 45 Ile Pro Trp Glu Asp Leu Pro Lys Glu Leu Gly Phe Gly Ser Gly Met 50 55 60 Thr Cys Trp Arg Arg Leu Arg Glu Trp Gln Ala Asn Gly Val Trp Glu 65 70 75 80 Arg Leu His Leu Ala Leu Leu Lys Arg Leu Arg Glu His Asp Gln Ile 85 90 95 Asp Trp Ser Arg Ala Ser Val Asp Gly Ala Thr Val Ala Ser Pro Arg 100 105 110 Gly Ala Ser Arg Arg Gly Arg Ile Gln Arg Ile Val Ala Ser Ser Val 115 120 125 Ala Ser Ala Ile Ser Ser 130 5 211 PRT Ralstonia solanacearum 5 Arg Thr Gly Leu Trp Gln Arg His Asp Val Leu Ala Ser Pro Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 Val Ala Gly Gln Arg Arg Leu Gly Ala Ala Ala Phe Gly Ser Ala Gln 20 25 30 Ala Pro Ala Arg Thr Arg Pro Asp Arg Leu Glu Pro Ser Gln Cys Arg 35 40 45 Arg Cys Asn Gly Gly Gln Pro Pro Gly Gly Glu Gln Thr Gly Pro Asn 50 55 60 Pro Thr Asp Arg Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Lys Arg His Leu Val Val Asp 65 70 75 80 Arg Arg Gly Val Pro Leu Ala Leu Met Val Thr Gly Ala Asn Arg His 85 90 95 Asp Ser Val Val Phe Glu Val Leu Val Asp Ala Ile Pro Ser Val Pro 100 105 110 Gly Leu Asp Gly Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg Pro Asp Lys Leu His Ala Asp 115 120 125 Lys Gly Tyr Asp Phe Ala Arg Cys Arg Arg His Leu Arg Lys Arg Gly 130 135 140 Met Thr Pro Arg Ile Ala Arg Arg Gly Ile Glu Lys Asn Asp Arg Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Lys His Arg Trp Val Val Glu Arg Thr His Ala Trp Leu Ala Gly 165 170 175 Phe Gly Lys Leu Arg Ile Arg Phe Glu Arg Ser Leu Gln Thr His Leu 180 185 190 Ala Leu Leu Thr Leu Ala Cys Ala Val Ile Cys Gly Arg Phe Val Asp 195 200 205 Arg Phe Cys 210 6 842 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum CDS (65)...(822) 6 gggtcaggac ccattgattt gaattgacgg ctatgattca gacgggcgga taggagcctg 60 actgatgagt aatttgttct ggctgactaa cgagcaaatg gctcgtcttc agccctattt 120 ccccaagagc catggccgcc agcgtgtcga tgatcggcgt gtgctgagcg gcatcatttt 180 cgtcaatcgc aacgggctcc ggtggtgcga tgcgccgaag gaatatggcc cggcgaaaac 240 gctgtataac cgctggaaac gctggagcga caagggcatc tttatccaga tgatggacgg 300 cctggctgtg cctgaagctg cagaacacca gaccgtcatg attgatgcaa cctatctcaa 360 ggcccaccgc acggcttcga gcctgcgggt aaaaaagggg gcgcgggtcg cctgattgga 420 cgcacgaaag gcgggatgaa caccaagctt catgccgtga cggatgcgag tggtcgcccg 480 atcagtttct tcataacggc cggtcaaatc agcgattaca ccggtgctgc cgccttgctt 540 gatgaacttc ccaaggccaa atggctactg gccgaccgtg gctatgatgc cgactggtat 600 cgtgacgcgt tacaggcgaa ggggatcact ccctgcattc ccggtcggaa atcccggacc 660 acgaccatca aatacgacaa acgccgctat aaacggcgca accgaataga gatcatgttc 720 gggcgtctca aggattggcg acgtgtcgct acgcgctatg acaggtgccc aatggctttt 780 ctttccgcca tctctctcgc tgcaaccgtt atcttctggc tctgatcaac gagtcctgac 840 cc 842 7 17 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 7 gggtcaggac ccattga 17 8 17 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 8 tcaacgagtc ctgaccc 17 9 116 PRT Ralstonia solanacearum 9 Met Ser Asn Leu Phe Trp Leu Thr Asn Glu Gln Met Ala Arg Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Pro Tyr Phe Pro Lys Ser His Gly Arg Gln Arg Val Asp Asp Arg Arg 20 25 30 Val Leu Ser Gly Ile Ile Phe Val Asn Arg Asn Gly Leu Arg Trp Cys 35 40 45 Asp Ala Pro Lys Glu Tyr Gly Pro Ala Lys Thr Leu Tyr Asn Arg Trp 50 55 60 Lys Arg Trp Ser Asp Lys Gly Ile Phe Ile Gln Met Met Asp Gly Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Val Pro Glu Ala Ala Glu His Gln Thr Val Met Ile Asp Ala Thr 85 90 95 Tyr Leu Lys Ala His Arg Thr Ala Ser Ser Leu Arg Val Lys Lys Gly 100 105 110 Ala Arg Val Ala 115 10 159 PRT Ralstonia solanacearum 10 Cys Asn Leu Ser Gln Gly Pro Pro His Gly Phe Glu Pro Ala Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 Lys Gly Gly Ala Gly Arg Leu Ile Gly Arg Thr Lys Gly Gly Met Asn 20 25 30 Thr Lys Leu His Ala Val Thr Asp Ala Ser Gly Arg Pro Ile Ser Phe 35 40 45 Phe Ile Thr Ala Gly Gln Ile Ser Asp Tyr Thr Gly Ala Ala Ala Leu 50 55 60 Leu Asp Glu Leu Pro Lys Ala Lys Trp Leu Leu Ala Asp Arg Gly Tyr 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Asp Trp Tyr Arg Asp Ala Leu Gln Ala Lys Gly Ile Thr Pro 85 90 95 Cys Ile Pro Gly Arg Lys Ser Arg Thr Thr Thr Ile Lys Tyr Asp Lys 100 105 110 Arg Arg Tyr Lys Arg Arg Asn Arg Ile Glu Ile Met Phe Gly Arg Leu 115 120 125 Lys Asp Trp Arg Arg Val Ala Thr Arg Tyr Asp Arg Cys Pro Met Ala 130 135 140 Phe Leu Ser Ala Ile Ser Leu Ala Ala Thr Val Ile Phe Trp Leu 145 150 155 11 884 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum CDS (44)...(865) 11 gagcccgttt gaaaattccc cgccgttgtg gtgtaaaggc gggatgtgga aaaaagaaga 60 tcgagagcgt gaggcgaagc tggctcggaa gaccaagcgt tacccgagcg acctgacgga 120 tatcgaatgg gccgctgtgc agccgctgct gccacgcgcg gccgtgcgag gccggcgtcg 180 ggagtgcgac ttgagggagg tggtcaacgc cttgcgctat ctggtgcgag cgggctgcgg 240 ttggcgcatg ctgccgcacg acttcccgcc ttggcaaacc gtgtattggt ggtttcgtcg 300 gctcatgcgt cgcttcctgt tccgcacgct gcacgacgtg gtgctgatgt tggaccggga 360 gttggctggg cgccagccgt gcccgagtgc gggcgtcatc gacagccaga cagtcaaagc 420 gccctcggcc gacaagcgtg gctacgacgc ggccaagaaa atcgtcgggc gcaagcggca 480 tatcgcggtg gacacggatg gacggctgct gatggtgaac ctgacaccgg cggacattgc 540 cgatagcacg ggtgcgctgg cggtgctgga ggcggtgaag aagcgctggc caggcataaa 600 acacctgttc gctgacggtg cgtatgaccg cacaacgctg atggacaagg catcgaccct 660 cgacttcgtg gttgaggtgg tgcgccggca cgagcagcaa acgggctttg ccgttctgcc 720 gcgccgctgg gtggtcgagc gcacctttgg gtggatggtt cgctggcgcc gactcgtacg 780 cgactacgag cagcgcgcgg acgtctcgga agccatgatt catatcgcga tgagcggctt 840 gctactgcgc agaatcgctc atccttgaat ttccaaacgg gctc 884 12 18 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 12 gagcccgttt gaaaattc 18 13 18 DNA Ralstonia solanacearum 13 gaatttccaa acgggctc 18 14 274 PRT Ralstonia solanacearum 14 Met Trp Lys Lys Glu Asp Arg Glu Arg Glu Ala Lys Leu Ala Arg Lys 1 5 10 15 Thr Lys Arg Tyr Pro Ser Asp Leu Thr Asp Ile Glu Trp Ala Ala Val 20 25 30 Gln Pro Leu Leu Pro Arg Ala Ala Val Arg Gly Arg Arg Arg Glu Cys 35 40 45 Asp Leu Arg Glu Val Val Asn Ala Leu Arg Tyr Leu Val Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Cys Gly Trp Arg Met Leu Pro His Asp Phe Pro Pro Trp Gln Thr Val 65 70 75 80 Tyr Trp Trp Phe Arg Arg Leu Met Arg Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Thr Leu 85 90 95 His Asp Val Val Leu Met Leu Asp Arg Glu Leu Ala Gly Arg Gln Pro 100 105 110 Cys Pro Ser Ala Gly Val Ile Asp Ser Gln Thr Val Lys Ala Pro Ser 115 120 125 Ala Asp Lys Arg Gly Tyr Asp Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Val Gly Arg Lys 130 135 140 Arg His Ile Ala Val Asp Thr Asp Gly Arg Leu Leu Met Val Asn Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Pro Ala Asp Ile Ala Asp Ser Thr Gly Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Glu 165 170 175 Ala Val Lys Lys Arg Trp Pro Gly Ile Lys His Leu Phe Ala Asp Gly 180 185 190 Ala Tyr Asp Arg Thr Thr Leu Met Asp Lys Ala Ser Thr Leu Asp Phe 195 200 205 Val Val Glu Val Val Arg Arg His Glu Gln Gln Thr Gly Phe Ala Val 210 215 220 Leu Pro Arg Arg Trp Val Val Glu Arg Thr Phe Gly Trp Met Val Arg 225 230 235 240 Trp Arg Arg Leu Val Arg Asp Tyr Glu Gln Arg Ala Asp Val Ser Glu 245 250 255 Ala Met Ile His Ile Ala Met Ser Gly Leu Leu Leu Arg Arg Ile Ala 260 265 270 His Pro 

What is claimed is:
 1. An insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 2 at a 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 3 at a 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding amino acid sequences of Sequence I.D. Nos. 4 and 5 as open reading frames between the terminal inverted repeat sequences.
 2. An insertion sequence element consisting of a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No.
 1. 3. An insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 7 at a 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 8 at a 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding amino acid sequences of Sequence I.D. Nos. 9 and 10 as open reading frames between the terminal inverted repeat sequences.
 4. An insertion sequence element consisting of a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No.
 6. 5. An insertion sequence element or a functional equivalent thereof comprising: a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 12 at a 5′ terminal and a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 13 at a 3′ terminal as terminal inverted repeat sequences; and a base sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of Sequence I.D. No. 14 as an open reading frame between the terminal inverted repeat sequences.
 6. An insertion sequence element consisting of a base sequence of Sequence I.D. No.
 11. 7. A transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 56 to 855 of Sequence I.D. No.
 1. 8. A transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 65 to 822 of Sequence I.D. No.
 6. 9. A transposase or a functional equivalent thereof expressed from a base sequence of positions 44 to 865 of Sequence I.D. No.
 11. 